Top Behavioural Biases Impacting Investment Decisions
Top Behavioural Biases Impacting Investment Decisions
Investment or financial behaviour and actions are driven by how we think. Knowingly or unknowingly, a lot of factors impact our decision-making. There is an entire field of study known as behavioural finance which is the study of the effects of psychology on investors and financial markets. It focuses on explaining why investors often appear to lack self-control, act against their own best interest, and make decisions based on personal biases instead of facts.
To be a successful investor in the long term, it's highly important to understand and overcome the common psychological biases that typically lead to poor investment decisions and mistakes. Most investors are likely to be influenced by these behavioural biases as they are hard-wired in the subconscious. Even the best of investors sometimes tend to take shortcuts, oversimplify complex decisions and be overconfident in decision-making. A better understanding of your biases will lead you to make better decisions, help you lower risk and improve your investment returns over time.
Following are a few very common yet key behavioural biases that usually leads to a bad investment decision:
It is a human tendency to seek or emphasise information that confirms an existing conclusion or a decision. Confirmation bias leads to investment mistakes as investors typically get overconfident because they keep getting data that appears to confirm the decisions they have made. Overconfidence can result in a false sense that nothing is likely to go wrong, which increases the risk of being blindsided when something does go wrong. To minimize this bias, one should attempt to challenge the status quo and seek information that causes you to question your investment opinions.
Information bias is the tendency to evaluate information even when it is useless in understanding a problem or issue. Investors are often bombarded with unimportant & useless information every day, from financial commentators, newspapers and stockbrokers, and it is difficult to filter through it to focus on relevant information only. In general, investors tend to make superior investment decisions if they ignore short-term market movements and focus on the long-term prospects for the underlying investments /asset class and look at their exposure in comparison to those long-term prospects. By ignoring routine market news, investors can overcome a dangerous source of information bias in the investment decision-making process.
It is a tendency for people to strongly prefer avoiding losses rather than obtaining gains. Whereas the endowment effect occurs when people place a higher value on a good that they own or have owned than on an identical good that they do not own. Investors refusing to sell loss-making investments in the hope of making their money back is the classic example of the loss aversion or endowment effect. This bias breaks a very important economic rule i.e. the measurement of opportunity cost. To be successful in investments over time; always measure the opportunity cost properly and not be anchored to past investment decisions based on the inbuilt human tendency of avoiding losses.
The bandwagon effect or herd behaviour describes gaining comfort in something because many other people do (or believe) the same. Speculative bubbles are typically the result of herd mentality. To be a successful investor, you must be able to analyse and think independently, which includes finding no comfort in the fact that other people may or may not agree with your decision. The simple solution is to be objective, factual, grounded and open-minded and not get influenced by fear or greed.
Anchoring bias is the tendency to rely too heavily on or anchor to a past reference or one piece of information when making a decision. Anchoring bias can be hugely damaging to an investor’s research process. From an investment perspective, one obvious anchor is the recent share price. Many people base their investment decisions on the current price relative to its history. Unfortunately, where a price has been in the past presents no information whether a stock is cheap or expensive.
Generally, we prefer things - be it food, people or places which we are familiar with. We like to stay within our comfort zone and hate change or new things. For example, a person investing in traditional investment products like bank deposits takes time to accept equities, even though it is in his best interest. Unknowingly this can push investors away from rational investing where they would prefer asset classes and underlying products of names /industries they are familiar with. In investing parlance, the familiarity bias dissuades us from investing in other assets or investment options that we are not familiar with.
People often demonstrate a greater tendency to continue an endeavour once an investment in emotions, time, effort or money has been made. This is true when it comes to not just relationships, career, business, etc but the investment choices we make. This is the reason why are we likely to continue with an investment even if it would be rational to give it up. We become attached, we do not cut our losses, and instead, throw good money after bad while refusing to make the rational decision and make good of better opportunities.
The above are only some of the behavioural biases which are frequently quoted in literature. Through experiments, researchers have identified an enormous range of cognitive biases that can apply to financial decisions. For us as investors, we should accept the fact that much of what and how we think is being driven subconsciously by our psychology. These behavioural or cognitive biases, tendencies impacting our financial decision-making can potentially make or break our dreams. There is no doubt that investment behaviour and decision-making is at the heart of investing and the biggest factor for your success.
As wise investors, we should learn more on this interesting subject and aim to control or eliminate these biases, emotions from our decision-making over time. Financial decisions must be factual, data-driven and purely on merits rather than being impacted by anything else. Over time, we should all work towards establishing logical decision-making processes as we mature in our investment journey. The focus should be on the process rather than on the outcome. In the words of Warren Buffet, “investing success doesn’t correlate with IQ after you’re above a score of 25. Once you have ordinary intelligence, then what you need is the temperament to control urges that get others into trouble.” Simply put, it is not the intelligence or knowledge that matters for success – it’s your behaviour that will be the deciding factor.
NJ E-wealth
Tips to safeguard yourself against digital frauds /crimes
Tips to safeguard yourself against digital frauds /crimes
We live in a digital age. Post demonetisation and pandemic, most Indians have accepted online transacting in a big way. Recently, a video of a street person playing a musical instrument while accepting donations through a QR Code put on the horns of a bull went viral in India. This is ample proof of the large scale conversion to digital payments in India. Today, trends show that online payment methods are not only used by large business setup but also by small vendors - and their reach is not limited to only cities but rural areas as well. India is well on its way to becoming a digitally advanced country and a global leader in many aspects.
Unfortunately, with the immense advantages and benefits of going digital and online, there are also some risks and disadvantages. As we are moving towards Digital India, the cases of online frauds and cheating and all types of cybercrimes are also increasing rapidly. As per the data of NCRB (National Crime Records Bureau), India recorded 50,035 reported cases of cybercrime in 2020, an 11.8% rise compared to 2019. Government bodies RBI & SEBI have cautioned customers & service providers of financial fraud, especially in banks. One wrong click on the web or your smartphone can cause or land you into a financial loss or a victim of cybercrime. Moreover, these frauds keep on identifying and adopting new technologies very frequently. Therefore, understanding these financial frauds and cyber crimes is necessary to protect us. The children especially are the most vulnerable and targetted groups today. There have been instances where children have exhausted the credit limits of their parents' cards in games. Often, just being careful, following basic digital hygiene should be enough to avoid becoming a victim. Here are a few things you can do ...

Due to the pandemic, many people stopped visiting bank branches & adopted digital banking, providing fraudsters with an opportunity to use KYC as a reason to engage with customers by pretending to be bankers by sending unsolicited SMS or calls to create panic among customers asking for account or login details, card information, PIN, OTP, etc. they entice you for personal details under the pretext of KYC verification. If such a question is raised, it's a red flag for financial fraud. Never share any OTP, your personal details, credit /debit card details, PIN, etc with anyone.

Any genuine person from a financial institution will never ask for these details over the phone or via any third party or other apps. Always get in touch with your bank, broker, etc face to face or through proper online desks /apps for such requests. Do not trust web searches too, as fraudsters are also spreading fake customer care numbers of banks or UPI platforms online with closely matching website addresses. Always verify the other person posing as your friend or family member by having a personal conversation before responding to online messages.

You must ideally access online accounts of financial institutions like banks, brokers, etc, and perform financial transactions only from your own mobile devices /computers. If, in any circumstance it becomes unavoidable, then make sure your save login / auto-login is not selected and you fully log out from your accounts and close the tab /browser after successfully logging out. There may be software installed on such unsecured computers/devices which can read your login credentials and other details. Also, do not just throw away or resale your old mobile device or computer. Make sure that you erase /format the hard drive before handing it over to someone else.

Mobile apps are great for quick access to a variety of services, but not all apps are secure. Today we find children using their parent's mobiles and downloading all sorts of game applications. This poses a huge risk with which we are not even familiar. Never download any unknown, or pirated software or applications on your computers and mobile devices. Make sure twice if you really need any new software or application and if it is from a trusted source, irrespective of how professional or big the website /developer may claim to be. Further, while browsing too, make sure that you are browsing genuine sites and not fake ones that look similar. Make a habit of looking at the website addresses and remembering them. Sites that contain “https://” domain name in the URL are a tad safer.

Do not share passwords and do not leave any documents that contain login credentials or personal details in an unsecured area or with any untrusted person. Most common passwords like name@1, date of birth, names of family members, etc are not safe and are easily recognisable within seconds by professionals. It is very important to have strong and untraceable passwords but easy to remember using a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters when possible. Strong passwords are recommended for all your primary social media accounts, financial accounts, your mobile devices, your computers /laptops and even your wifi networks at home or at the workplace.

A lot of scammers /hackers will lure you into visiting clicking on links, visiting websites, downloading free materials, and so on from emails, text messages, ads/banners/pop-ups on websites, dubious websites like gaming, software/media downloads and even WhatsApp groups. The most common phishing scams are done employing this method where some social engineering is done, and an attacker sends a fraudulent message designed to trick a human victim into revealing sensitive information or to deploy malicious software on the victim's infrastructure like ransomware. The best precaution is to never click on any banner/button and not download any file at any unknown /untrusted page or sender.

The UPI or Unified Payments Interface (UPI) has transformed the payments' ecosystem in India. It has a feature in which you or the merchant can send the user a request to collect money. If you are not tech-savvy or literate, please learn to use this feature before using it. This feature is often used by fraudsters on fake shopping websites. One tip to remember is that when you are receiving money in your bank account you don't have to give a PIN or OTP. Likewise, when you are receiving money in UPI you don't need to enter any PIN. Treat your PIN exactly like you treat your ATM PIN. Else, you will end up paying money instead of receiving it.

There is risk in everything you do. Crossing a road, getting into a business or investing online. Digital adoption will become a part of life, it is also recommended and an unavoidable fact of life. The benefits and ease of life with digital adoption far outweigh the risks and thus, there is no need to be afraid and shun the experience, be it being active on social media or transacting online. At any given point, there are millions who are leveraging the benefits of the new digital age. The need today is to learn about the risks, crimes and perils existing in the digital world. Knowing the same and practising the important dos and don'ts will only make this experience safe for you and your family members.

NJ E-wealth
Why you should buy a Term Plan
Why you should buy a Term Plan?
People today are realising the importance of having adequate life insurance. With growing uncertainty surrounding our lives given our lifestyles and in light of the recent pandemic, the importance of having adequate financial support /coverage and stability in absence of the bread earner is deeply felt. A Term Plan offers peace of mind unlike any other plan and is a must for everyone. This article revisits the Term insurance policy, given its importance today.
What is a Term Plan?
Term insurance is a pure life insurance policy that offers financial protection to the beneficiary in case of the unfortunate death of the policyholder during the policy tenure. The primary objective here is to offer the highest financial protection to the beneficiaries. Being a pure protection plan, term insurance offers the highest insurance coverage at the lowest premium rates which are typically fixed for the policy duration. Below are the key features /benefits of term plans.

A term insurance plan offers the highest death benefit or life cover in lieu of a nominal premium. This is because there is no investment component or ancillary services inbuilt in the product and there is no survival benefit, i.e, no money to be received back upon completion of policy tenure if the policyholders survive. This makes it possible for even poor people to take adequately high life cover at affordable prices, ensuring the most critical need of maximum financial protection and stability for families. Some insurers now also provide the option of increasing life cover at set intervals with the pre-defined percentage increase. This helps the policyholder increase the life cover in tandem with his or her rising income levels.
Once a term insurance policy is issued at a certain premium, the premium typically never revises or changes during the policy term with fixed cover. One rests assured of paying a fixed amount without any change, except the tax component. A higher or maximum cover feasible, taken early is thus highly recommended as the premiums will only become cheaper over time even though they may seem expensive in the initial years. Further, the premium payment becomes even more affordable with monthly/half-yearly/yearly payment options.
Term plans can be taken for longer durations that can easily cover your entire productive /working years of life and even beyond till say 60-65-70 and even 75 years of age. Some insurers also offer the option of whole life cover till the age of 99 years. Usually, the duration can be chosen as per need but it must at least cover your working life or till the time you are having liabilities or are not debt-free.
The premium for the term plan depends mostly on the policyholder’s age and the policy term. This is because it directly impacts the probability of the claim being triggered during the tenure. Since the probability for death is lower in the younger age group, the premium too is lower. As one ages, the probability increases and thus the premium too increases every year. Needless to say, getting a term plan as early as possible in your life is recommended.
Buying a term insurance plan is relatively very easy. Often, if one is young without any ailments, there would be no mandatory requirement of medical tests /screening. Simply get in touch with your insurance advisor and explore the options available and choose the plan suitable to you.
We frequently take loans for our needs in the form of home, personal or business loans. If the amount is high, it may prove to be a very heavy burden on your family. It is therefore advised that additional term plans are taken to cover this risk. Take term plans with cover equivalent to the loan amount and of similar tenure to the loan period, ensuring that your family is in a position to repay the loan and none of their life goals is compromised. You can also apply for an additional term policy for the long term that specifically covers multiple or sequential loans.
Term plans come with the flexibility of adding optional riders at a nominal cost. Riders are an important addition to the basic plan offering & provide an option to customize the coverage as per need. Popular riders include
  • Critical Illnesses Cover
    This rider gives additional protection against life-threatening illnesses such as Cancer, Heart Attack and Kidney Failure. Usually, a fixed amount /lump sum is paid out in case a critical illness is diagnosed. Some insurers may also offer riders for specific diseases.
  • Accidental Death Cover
    This rider would give your nominee a higher payout in case of an unfortunate demise due to an accident of the life insured.
  • Waiver of Premium rider
    With this rider, in case of permanent disability due to an accident or diagnosis of a critical illness, all future premiums are waived off and the life cover continues for the remaining policy duration. Some insurers may offer this as an in-built policy feature with no extra to the policyholder.
  • Terminal Illness Benefit
    With the terminal illness benefit, if the insured person is diagnosed with a terminal illness, then the full death benefit is paid out. Again, some insurers may offer this benefit in-built with the policy at no extra cost.
Finally, there are tax benefits to be enjoyed with term insurance. In respect of the premium paid, you can avail of a deduction of up to Rs 150,000 per annum under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act 1961. Also, the death benefit paid to your nominee (in case of unfortunate death) and rider payouts is tax-free under Section 10 (10D). However, the tax benefits should never be considered as a primary factor for decision-making before buying any insurance.
The extent of financial comfort and stability possible with a pure protection plan is simply unmatched. Any sensible person would give the highest priority to buying adequate term insurance, as high as possible, as soon as one starts earning and then increasing the same at every important life event like say marriage, the birth of a child, getting a home loan, etc. A cover of Rs.50 lakhs is the least one must-have today to give some sort of comfort to the family. Typically, a cover of at least 10 times of your annual income plus all outstanding liabilities must be targeted. Further, with the customisation option with multiple riders, buying term insurance is a significant decision to be taken with proper care. Please get in touch with your insurance advisor today to know more. A term plan is a very small price to pay for the amount of peace of mind you and your family members can enjoy.
1. Can a client change EMI date from 10 to 25 or vice versa in LAS Term Loan?
Answer: No, the date of EMI cannot be changed in the LAS term Loan.
Fund Manager INTERVIEW
FUND MANAGER INTERVIEW
Mr. Mahesh Patil
Chief Investment Officer
Aditya Birla Sun Life AMC Limited
Mr. Mahesh Patil is the Chief Investment Officer (CIO) of Aditya Birla Sun Life AMC Limited. As the CIO Mahesh oversees over INR 3 lakh crore of assets under management. With over thirty years of rich experience in fund and investment management, Mahesh leads the entire investment team, comprising fund managers and analysts. He personally manages funds such as Aditya Birla Sun Life Frontline Equity, Aditya Birla Sun Life Multi-Cap Fund, and Aditya Birla Sun Life Focused Equity.
Read More

Kotak Deepak Amrutlal (ARN-127784)
AMFI REGISTERED MUTUAL FUND DISTRIBUTOR

Deepak A Kotak

  • Retirement Assessment
  • Child Future Assessment
  • Portfolio Review
  • Mutual Fund:Debt / Equity / ELSS

"We have taken due care and caution in compilation of this E Newsletter. The information has been obtained from various reliable sources. However it does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions of the results obtained from the use of such information. Investors should seek proper financial advise regarding the appropriateness of investing in any of the schemes stated, discussed or recommended in this newsletter and should realise that the statements regarding future prospects may or may not realise. Mutual fund investments are subject to market risks. Please read the offer document carefully before investing. Past performance is for indicative purpose only and is not necessarily a guide to the future performance."

This Page is Best Viewed with Chrome Browsers